Sub-hertz optical transitions in excited Yb$^+$

TL;DR

This paper reports the observation and detailed characterization of three narrow, semi-forbidden optical transitions in singly-ionized ytterbium, which are promising for quantum information applications and searches for new physics.

Contribution

It provides the absolute frequencies, isotope shifts, hyperfine structures, and transition moments of these previously unmeasured transitions in Yb$^+$.

Findings

Measured absolute frequencies and isotope shifts.

Determined hyperfine structures and transition moments.

Identified long-lived states suitable for qubits.

Abstract

We present the observation of three semi-forbidden transitions in singly-ionized ytterbium from the metastable $^{2}\mathrm{F}^o_{7/2}$ state. Owing to the long lifetimes of both the upper and lower states involved, these transitions are narrow and complement those already frequently used in this atom for quantum information and searches for new physics. We report the absolute frequencies of these electric quadrupole transitions, their isotope shifts, hyperfine structure, and measurements of the quadrupole transition moments. We find that the spontaneous lifetimes of these excited states are limited by slow magnetic dipole emission to lower-lying, odd-parity states, the lowest of which is accessible by laser excitation from ${}^2\mathrm{F}_{7/2}^o$ and is an attractive candidate for hosting a long-lived qubit.