Smart On-Street Parking: Survey of Actual Implementations in Cities and Insights from Practitioners
Enock Ndunda (ILM, CNRS), Alexandre Nicolas (ILM, CNRS)

TL;DR
This paper surveys 25 smart on-street parking implementations worldwide, combining objective data and practitioner insights to analyze technological diversity, goals, challenges, and the varying levels of success in real-world deployments.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive overview of actual smart parking implementations, highlighting diversity in technology, goals, and challenges, and offers insights from practitioners across multiple cities.
Findings
Wide variety of technological solutions used in implementations
Goals range from parking control to data-driven pricing and navigation
Implementation success varies due to hardware, political, and contextual factors
Abstract
Smart solutions for on-street parking, which collect and leverage real-time information about on-street parking space availability to guide drivers or adjust policies, have attracted considerable attention in academia and in the corporate world, but comprehensive feedback on actual implementations was still missing. Here, we survey around 25 smart parking (SP) implementations in cities across the world using online sources. To get more candid insights, we complement this objective review with case studies centred around interviews that we conducted with practitioners from ten cities across continents (San Francisco, Saint Pete Beach, Penang, Douala, Soissons, Grand Paris Seine Ouest, Montpellier, Frauenfeld, Zurich, Perth). Summing up our observations, we underline the broad diversity of SP implementations in terms of contexts and scales, from 2-to-3-year small-scale pilot studies to…
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Taxonomy
TopicsSmart Parking Systems Research · Transportation and Mobility Innovations · Impact of Light on Environment and Health
