MESS: Multi-Epoch Spectroscopic Solver for Detecting Double-Lined Systems

TL;DR

MESS is an automated multi-epoch spectroscopic algorithm that detects and characterizes double-lined and single-lined binaries by jointly optimizing templates and velocities across all observations, improving classification accuracy.

Contribution

It extends the TODCOR approach to a global multi-epoch framework, enabling simultaneous template optimization and binary classification in large spectroscopic datasets.

Findings

Achieved ~95% classification accuracy on simulated LAMOST data.

Successfully derived orbital solutions for faint-secondary SB2 systems.

Validated the method on 1500 simulated systems with SNR=50.

Abstract

We present MESS, a fully automated algorithm for identifying and characterizing double-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2) in large databases of multi-epoch spectra. MESS extends the two-dimensional TODCOR approach to a global multi-epoch formalism, deriving the radial velocities (RVs) of both components at each epoch while optimizing the templates jointly across all observations. Template optimization searches a continuous synthetic-spectra manifold spanning an eight-dimensional parameter space: effective temperature, surface gravity, and rotational broadening for each star, together with a common metallicity and the flux ratio. Single-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB1) and single stars (S1) are handled within the same framework by fitting one optimized template, with either epoch-dependent RVs (SB1) or a single shared RV (S1). Model selection among S1/SB1/SB2 uses the Bayesian information criterion with an effective sample size that accounts for intra-spectrum correlations, and is complemented by the Wilson relation between the two RVs to infer the mass ratio and systemic velocity without a full orbital solution. We validate MESS on 1500 simulated LAMOST MRS systems (SNR=50), with primary RV semi-amplitudes predominantly below the instrumental resolution, achieving an overall classification accuracy of ~95%. We also derive full orbital solutions for two SB2 systems detected in our LAMOST analysis, including a faint-secondary case with flux ratio ~0.1, and present example outputs for one SB1 and three constant-velocity stars. A companion paper will report the survey-wide application to LAMOST DR11 and the resulting SB1/SB2 catalogs.