Digital signatures with classical shadows on near-term quantum computers

TL;DR

This paper proposes a quantum digital signature scheme that uses classical shadows from random circuits as public keys, enabling secure signatures with only classical communication and demonstrating feasibility on near-term quantum hardware.

Contribution

It introduces a novel quantum digital signature scheme based on classical shadows, with improved state-certification primitives and experimental validation on 32-qubit states.

Findings

Achieved 0.90 fidelity in shadow generation for 32-qubit states.

Demonstrated a proof-of-principle quantum digital signature on near-term hardware.

Provided theoretical and numerical evidence for the hardness of learning private keys from public shadows.

Abstract

Quantum mechanics provides cryptographic primitives whose security is grounded in hardness assumptions independent of those underlying classical cryptography. However, existing proposals require low-noise quantum communication and long-lived quantum memory, capabilities which remain challenging to realize in practice. In this work, we introduce a quantum digital signature scheme that operates with only classical communication, using the classical shadows of states produced by random circuits as public keys. We provide theoretical and numerical evidence supporting the conjectured hardness of learning the private key (the circuit) from the public key (the shadow). A key technical ingredient enabling our scheme is an improved state-certification primitive that achieves higher noise tolerance and lower sample complexity than prior methods. We realize this certification by designing a high-rate error-detecting code tailored to our random-circuit ensemble and experimentally generating shadows for 32-qubit states using circuits with $\geq 80$ logical ($\geq 582$ physical) two-qubit gates, attaining 0.90 $\pm$ 0.01 fidelity. With increased number of measurement samples, our hardware-demonstrated primitives realize a proof-of-principle quantum digital signature, demonstrating the near-term feasibility of our scheme.