After Talking with 1,000 Personas: Learning Preference-Aligned Proactive Assistants From Large-Scale Persona Interactions

TL;DR

This paper introduces a scalable framework for learning user preferences in proactive assistants using large-scale persona simulations, enabling on-device personalization without compromising privacy.

Contribution

It presents a population-to-individual learning approach that leverages simulated interactions to improve proactive assistant behavior and adapt to users on-device without retraining.

Findings

Improved timing and interaction quality in simulated and real-user tests.

On-device activation steering performs comparably to reinforcement learning from human feedback.

Participants reported higher satisfaction, trust, and comfort with adaptive assistants.

Abstract

Smart assistants increasingly act proactively, yet mistimed or intrusive behavior often causes users to lose trust and disable these features. Learning user preferences for proactive assistance is difficult because real-world studies are costly, limited in scale, and rarely capture how preferences change across multiple interaction sessions. Large language model based generative agents offer a way to simulate realistic interactions, but existing synthetic datasets remain limited in temporal depth, diverse personas, and multi-dimensional preferences. They also provide little support for transferring population-level insights to individual users under on-device constraints. We present a population-to-individual learning framework for preference-aligned proactive assistants that operates under on-device and privacy constraints. Our approach uses large-scale interaction simulation with 1,000 diverse personas to learn shared structure in how users express preferences across recurring dimensions such as timing, autonomy, and communication style, providing a strong cold start without relying on real user logs. The assistant then adapts to individual users on device through lightweight activation-based steering driven by simple interaction feedback, without model retraining or cloud-side updates. We evaluate the framework using controlled simulations with 1,000 simulated personas and a human-subject study with 30 participants. Results show improved timing decisions and perceived interaction quality over untuned and direct-response baselines, while on-device activation steering achieves performance comparable to reinforcement learning from human feedback. Participants also report higher satisfaction, trust, and comfort as the assistant adapts over multiple sessions of interactions.