The spectral extrema of graphs of odd size forbidding $H(4,3)$ beyond the book graph

TL;DR

This paper determines the maximum spectral radius of large odd-sized graphs that do not contain a specific fish-shaped subgraph, except for the known extremal book graph, and characterizes the unique extremal graph.

Contribution

It establishes a sharp upper bound on the spectral radius for $H(4,3)$-free graphs of odd size excluding the extremal book graph, extending previous results.

Findings

Identifies the extremal graph achieving the maximum spectral radius.

Provides a precise upper bound for spectral radius in the specified class.

Characterizes the unique extremal graph that attains this bound.

Abstract

A graph is said to be $H$-free if it does not contain a subgraph isomorphic to $H$. The fish graph, denoted by $H(4, 3)$, is a $6-$vertex graph obtained from a cycle of length $4$ and a triangle by sharing a common vertex. Earlier it is shown that $\lambda(G)\leq \frac{1+\sqrt{4m-3}}{2}$ holds for all $H(4,3)-$free graphs of odd size $m\geq 44,$ and the equality holds if and only if $G\cong S_{\frac{m+3}{2},2},$ where $S_{\frac{m+3}{2},2}$ is the $m-$edge book graph $K_2 \vee \frac{m-1}{2}K_1,$ where $K_2 \vee \frac{m-1}{2}K_1,$ denotes the join of $K_2$ and $\frac{m-1}{2}K_1.$ Let $\mathcal{G}(m,H(4,3))$ denote the family of $H(4,3)$-free graphs with $m$ edges and no isolated vertices. We write $ \mathcal{G}(m,H(4,3)) \setminus \left\{ K_2 \vee \tfrac{m-1}{2}K_1 \right\} $ for the corresponding subfamily obtained by excluding the book graph. In this paper, we establish a sharp upper bound on the spectral radius of graphs over $\mathcal{G}(m,H(4,3))\setminus \{K_2 \vee \frac{m-1}{2}K_1\}$ for odd $m\geq 58$ and characterize the unique extremal graph attaining this bound.