X-ray characterization of fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs for the DarkNESS mission

TL;DR

This study evaluates the radiation tolerance of fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs for the DarkNESS CubeSat mission, demonstrating their performance degradation after proton irradiation and estimating their end-of-life X-ray resolution in space.

Contribution

It provides the first quantitative assessment of radiation-induced spectral degradation in Skipper-CCDs for space-based X-ray detection.

Findings

Proton irradiation causes measurable degradation in energy resolution.

Degradation exceeds initial performance expectations after simulated space radiation exposure.

Results inform end-of-life performance estimates for the DarkNESS mission.

Abstract

The Dark matter Nanosatellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors (DarkNESS) mission is a 6U CubeSat designed to search for X-ray lines from decaying dark matter using Skipper-CCDs. Thick, fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs provide low readout noise and high quantum efficiency for 1-10 keV X-rays, but their X-ray performance has not yet been demonstrated in the space environment. DarkNESS will operate in low-Earth orbit, where trapped protons induce displacement damage in the sensor that increases charge-transfer inefficiency and degrades the X-ray energy resolution. This work measures the X-ray line response of Skipper-CCDs before and after proton irradiation and quantifies the associated degradation. A sensor was exposed to 217 MeV protons at a fluence of 8.4 x 10^10 protons cm^-2, corresponding to a displacement-damage dose more than an order of magnitude above the three-year expectation for representative mid-inclination and Sun-synchronous low-Earth orbits. A 55Fe source was used to compare the energy resolution of the beam-exposed quadrant to adjacent unexposed quadrants and a non-irradiated reference sensor. These measurements provide a quantitative assessment of radiation-induced spectral degradation in Skipper-CCDs and enable an estimate of the end-of-life X-ray energy resolution expected for DarkNESS operation in low-Earth orbit.