Evaluating Acoustic Data Transmission Schemes for Ad-Hoc Communication Between Nearby Smart Devices

TL;DR

This paper systematically evaluates acoustic data transmission schemes for nearby smart devices, revealing real-world challenges and providing a reproducible testing methodology, re-implementations, and a dataset to improve future research and deployment reliability.

Contribution

It offers the first comprehensive real-world evaluation of acoustic communication schemes, including re-implementations, a testbed, and a dataset to enhance robustness and reproducibility.

Findings

Many schemes struggle with indoor multipath effects

Device audio characteristics significantly impact reliability

Re-implementations and dataset facilitate future research

Abstract

Acoustic data transmission offers a compelling alternative to Bluetooth and NFC by leveraging the ubiquitous speakers and microphones in smartphones and IoT devices. However, most research in this field relies on simulations or limited on-device testing, which makes the real-world reliability of proposed schemes difficult to assess. We systematically reviewed 31 acoustic communication studies for commodity devices and found that none provided accessible source code. After contacting authors and re-implementing three promising schemes, we assembled a testbed of eight representative acoustic communication systems. Using over 11000 smartphone transmissions in both realistic indoor environments and an anechoic chamber, we provide a systematic and repeatable methodology for evaluating the reliability and generalizability of these schemes under real-world conditions. Our results show that many existing schemes face challenges in practical usage, largely due to severe multipath propagation indoors and varying audio characteristics across device models. To support future research and foster more robust evaluations, we release our re-implementations alongside the first comprehensive dataset of real-world acoustic transmissions. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of rigorous on-device testing and underscore the need for robust design strategies to bridge the gap between simulation results and reliable IoT deployments.