Unified entropy production in finite quantum systems

TL;DR

This paper introduces a unified approach to defining entropy production in finite quantum systems using effective temperatures, addressing the ambiguity due to the lack of a unique temperature in such systems.

Contribution

It proposes a novel entropy production definition based on quantum relative entropy and analyzes its properties, including conditions for non-negativity and the decomposition into classical and additional contributions.

Findings

The new definition naturally decomposes into Clausius-type and additional contributions.

Entropy production rate constraints lead to specific effective temperature conditions.

Negative entropy production can occur; bounds and conditions for non-negativity are established.

Abstract

In finite-dimensional quantum systems, temperature cannot be uniquely defined. This, in turn, implies that there are several ways to define entropy production in finite-dimensional quantum systems, because the classical entropy production depends on temperature. We propose a unified definition of entropy production based on the difference in quantum relative entropy with respect to reference states characterized by effective temperatures. We demonstrate that the proposed definition naturally decomposes into a Clausius-type entropy production and an additional contribution arising from the time dependence of the effective temperature. Furthermore, we show that requiring the entropy production rate to take the conventional form as the sum of the entropy change and the heat flow constrains the effective temperature to be either constant or equal to a specific energy-matching effective temperature. For general initial states, entropy production can become negative, in which case we derive lower bounds on entropy production and establish sufficient conditions for its non-negativity using the trace distance.