Supernova Rates and Luminosity Functions from ASAS-SN III: Over a Decade of Type Ia SNe and Their Subtypes

TL;DR

This study provides the most precise local rates and luminosity functions for Type Ia supernovae over a decade, revealing significant diversity and demographic constraints on subtypes, based on a large statistical dataset from ASAS-SN.

Contribution

It offers the first comprehensive, high-precision measurement of local Type Ia supernova rates and luminosity functions, including subtypes, over an 11-year period using extensive survey data.

Findings

Total SN Ia rate: (2.55 ± 0.12) × 10^4 yr^{-1} Gpc^{-3}

Normal SNe Ia constitute 92.7% of the rate

Low-luminosity 02es-like SNe are 7 ± 5 times more common than 03fg-like SNe

Abstract

We present volumetric rates and luminosity functions (LFs) of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN), covering the 11-year period from 2014 to 2024. By combining the 2014--2017 $V$-band sample with the 2018--2024 $g$-band sample, we construct a large statistical dataset of $1776$ SNe Ia. We compute completeness corrections based on injection-recovery simulations of the ASAS-SN light curves, taking into account the variations in light curve shapes. For our standard sample ($M_{g,\mathrm{peak}}<-16.0$ mag), we extract a total volumetric SN Ia rate of $R_{\mathrm{tot}} = (2.55 \pm 0.12) \times 10^4\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\,\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\,h_{70}^3$ at a median redshift of $z=0.029$. With a statistical uncertainty of $4.7\%$, this is the most precise local measurement to date. While the "normal" SNe Ia account for $(92.7 \pm 1.9)\%$ of this rate, the total LF reveals immense diversity, with $M_{g,\mathrm{peak}}$ spanning over five magnitudes. The LF of SNe Iax is also broad and rises toward lower luminosities, resulting in a likely lower limit of $(4.3 \pm 1.8)\%$ of the total rate. We place strong constraints on the rate of SNe Ia-CSM, finding they account for only $(0.036 \pm 0.017)\%$ of the total local rate. Finally, we find that the low-luminosity 02es-like SNe are $7 \pm 5$ times more common than the luminous 03fg-like SNe. This places demographic constraints on models proposing a physical continuum for these two subtypes, implying that any common channel for the two classes must strongly favor lower-luminosity explosions.