Assessing the Business Process Modeling Competences of Large Language Models

TL;DR

This paper introduces BEF4LLM, a comprehensive evaluation framework for assessing large language models' ability to generate business process models, revealing their strengths and limitations compared to human experts.

Contribution

It presents a novel evaluation framework for LLMs in BPMN modeling and benchmarks multiple models against human experts across key quality dimensions.

Findings

LLMs excel in syntactic and pragmatic quality

Humans outperform in semantic quality

Differences are modest, showing LLMs' competitive potential

Abstract

The creation of Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) models is a complex and time-consuming task requiring both domain knowledge and proficiency in modeling conventions. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly expanded the possibilities for generating BPMN models directly from natural language, building upon earlier text-to-process methods with enhanced capabilities in handling complex descriptions. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluations of LLM-generated process models. Current efforts either use LLM-as-a-judge approaches or do not consider established dimensions of model quality. To this end, we introduce BEF4LLM, a novel LLM evaluation framework comprising four perspectives: syntactic quality, pragmatic quality, semantic quality, and validity. Using BEF4LLM, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of open-source LLMs and benchmark their performance against human modeling experts. Results indicate that LLMs excel in syntactic and pragmatic quality, while humans outperform in semantic aspects; however, the differences in scores are relatively modest, highlighting LLMs' competitive potential despite challenges in validity and semantic quality. The insights highlight current strengths and limitations of using LLMs for BPMN modeling and guide future model development and fine-tuning. Addressing these areas is essential for advancing the practical deployment of LLMs in business process modeling.