Superfluidity in the spin-1/2 XY model with power-law interactions

TL;DR

This paper investigates superfluidity in a long-range spin-1/2 XY model relevant to trapped-ion quantum simulators, revealing enhanced superfluid density as interactions become more long-range and introducing a new QMC measurement method.

Contribution

It develops a stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo method with a generalized winding number estimator to measure superfluid density in long-range interacting systems.

Findings

Superfluid density diverges as the interaction range increases (α → 0).

The normalized superfluid density distinguishes different interaction regimes.

Results agree with linear spin-wave theory near the phase transition.

Abstract

In trapped-ion quantum simulators, effective spin-1/2 XY interactions can be engineered via laser-induced coupling between internal atomic states and collective phonon modes. In the simplest one-dimensional ($1d$) traps, these interactions decay as a power-law with distance $1/r^{\alpha}$, with a tunable exponent $\alpha$. For small $\alpha$, the resulting long-range $1d$ XY model exhibits continuous symmetry breaking, in marked contrast to its nearest neighbor counterpart. In this paper, we examine this model near the phase transition at $\alpha_c$ from the lens of the spin stiffness, or superfluid density. We develop a stochastic series expansion (SSE) quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulation and a generalized winding number estimator to measure the superfluid density in the presence of power-law interactions, which we test against exact diagonalization for small lattice sizes. Our results show how conventional superfluidity in the $1d$ XY model is enhanced in the long-range interacting regime. This is observed as a diverging superfluid density as $\alpha \rightarrow 0$ in the thermodynamic limit, which we show is consistent with linear spin-wave theory. Finally, we define a normalized superfluid density estimator that clearly distinguishes the short, medium, and long-range interacting regimes, providing a novel QMC probe of the critical value $\alpha_c$.