Decomposing multimodal embedding spaces with group-sparse autoencoders

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel autoencoder method for decomposing multimodal embeddings, enhancing their interpretability and alignment across different data modalities like images, text, and audio.

Contribution

The authors propose a group-sparse autoencoder with cross-modal masking to improve multimodal embedding decomposition and alignment, addressing limitations of previous sparse autoencoders.

Findings

Learned more multimodal dictionaries with better alignment.

Reduced dead neurons compared to standard SAEs.

Enhanced interpretability and control in cross-modal tasks.

Abstract

The Linear Representation Hypothesis asserts that the embeddings learned by neural networks can be understood as linear combinations of features corresponding to high-level concepts. Based on this ansatz, sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have recently become a popular method for decomposing embeddings into a sparse combination of linear directions, which have been shown empirically to often correspond to human-interpretable semantics. However, recent attempts to apply SAEs to multimodal embedding spaces (such as the popular CLIP embeddings for image/text data) have found that SAEs often learn "split dictionaries", where most of the learned sparse features are essentially unimodal, active only for data of a single modality. In this work, we study how to effectively adapt SAEs for the setting of multimodal embeddings while ensuring multimodal alignment. We first argue that the existence of a split dictionary decomposition on an aligned embedding space implies the existence of a non-split dictionary with improved modality alignment. Then, we propose a new SAE-based approach to multimodal embedding decomposition using cross-modal random masking and group-sparse regularization. We apply our method to popular embeddings for image/text (CLIP) and audio/text (CLAP) data and show that, compared to standard SAEs, our approach learns a more multimodal dictionary while reducing the number of dead neurons and improving feature semanticity. We finally demonstrate how this improvement in alignment of concepts between modalities can enable improvements in the interpretability and control of cross-modal tasks.