Holography with an Inner Boundary: A Smooth Horizon as a Sum over Horizonless States

TL;DR

This paper provides a bulk gravitational interpretation of the modular spectral decomposition of the BTZ black hole partition function, showing how smooth horizons can emerge from a sum over horizonless states in AdS3/CFT2.

Contribution

It introduces a bulk understanding of the Virasoro spectral resolution using Chern-Simons gravity with two boundaries, connecting horizon smoothness to a sum over horizonless states.

Findings

Reproduces Virasoro characters via boundary projectors and Wilson lines.

Shows BTZ entropy arises from holonomy zero modes and boundary gravitons.

Demonstrates smooth horizons as a sum over horizonless bulk states.

Abstract

The (holomorphic) partition function of the Euclidean BTZ black hole with boundary modulus $\tau$, is the $S$-image of the Virasoro vacuum character, $\chi_{\rm vac}(-1/\tau)$. This object decomposes into primaries via the modular $S$-kernel: $\chi_{\rm vac}\left(-\frac{1}{\tau}\right)=\int_{0}^{\infty} dP S_{0P}(P,c)\chi_P(\tau)$. In this paper, we provide a bulk understanding of this spectral resolution using the Chern-Simons formulation of AdS$_3$ gravity with $two$ boundaries: an asymptotic torus and an excised Wilson line at the origin ("stretched horizon"). At infinity, we impose standard AdS$_3$ Drinfel'd-Sokolov (DS) gauge to obtain the Alekseev-Shatashvili (AS) boundary action for a coadjoint orbit. At the inner boundary, removing the Wilson line prepares the state at the cut as a sum over orbits of the $spatial$ cycle. Re-inserting a spatial holonomy Wilson line acts as a delta-function projector onto the corresponding primary, which together with boundary gravitons, reproduces the Virasoro character (e.g., of a conical defect). But we can also consider projectors onto the $conjugate$ basis $\tilde P$, of the dual cycle. A key observation is that this leads to $S$-kernels instead of delta functions, with the BTZ character arising when the dual cycle label is in the exceptional orbit. Our two-boundary construction provides a bulk understanding of BTZ entropy: holonomy zero modes at the horizon have an effective central charge $c_{\rm prim}=c-1$ from the kernel measure (primaries), while the universal Dedekind-$\eta$ in $\chi_P(\tau)$ contributes $c_{\rm desc}=1$ from boundary gravitons (descendants). Together, they reproduce the full Cardy entropy. While our methods are specific to AdS$_3$/CFT$_2$, they are an explicit illustration that smoothness of the (Euclidean) horizon may emerge from a $sum$ over bulk states which are manifestly unsmooth.