Integrating HAPS, LEO, and Terrestrial Networks: A Cost-Performance Study for IoT Connectivity

TL;DR

This study assesses the potential of HAPS and LEO satellites to enhance IoT connectivity, analyzing transmission reliability, cost-effectiveness, and specific use cases like disaster response.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of hybrid aerial and terrestrial networks, including realistic mobility, fading models, and economic considerations for IoT applications.

Findings

HAPS can effectively complement terrestrial networks.

Hybrid architectures improve satellite-based system performance.

HAPS deployment costs are comparable to LEO and terrestrial options.

Abstract

This work evaluates the potential of High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites as alternative or complementary systems to enhance Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. We first analyze the transmission erasure probability under different connectivity configurations, including only HAPS or LEO satellites, as well as hybrid architectures that integrate both aerial/spatial and terrestrial infrastructures. To make the analysis more realistic, we considered movement of LEO satellites regarding a fixed region, elevation angle between gateway and devices, and different fading models for terrestrial and non-terrestrial communication. We also analyze LR-FHSS (Long-Range Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) random access uplink technology as a potential use case for IoT connectivity, showing the scalability impact of the scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that HAPS can effectively complement sparse terrestrial networks and improve the performance of satellite-based systems in specific scenarios. Furthermore, considering the deployment and operational costs, respectively, CAPEX and OPEX, the economic analysis reveals that although HAPS exhibits higher costs, these remain within a comparable order of magnitude to LEO and terrestrial deployments. In addition, specific use cases, such as natural disasters, transform HAPS into a competitive technology for conventional infrastructures.