Experimental investigation of wall-pressure fluctuations on a fully appended submarine model at high Reynolds numbers

TL;DR

This study systematically investigates wall-pressure fluctuations on a submarine model at high Reynolds numbers, revealing vortex-induced noise sources and validating a novel vortex control baffle that reduces pressure fluctuations.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental validation of a vortex control baffle to suppress flow-induced noise on a submarine model at high Reynolds numbers.

Findings

Horseshoe vortex dynamics cause localized pressure fluctuations up to 300%.

The vortex control baffle reduces pressure fluctuations by up to 35%.

Maneuvering significantly alters the pressure field and spectral behavior.

Abstract

This paper addresses a critical gap in hydroacoustics through a systematic wind tunnel investigation of wall-pressure fluctuations on the fully appended DARPA SUBOFF model at operationally relevant Reynolds numbers ranging from $5.6 \times 10^{6}$ to $1.4 \times 10^{7}$. The experimental campaign encompasses baseline straight-ahead flow, complex maneuvering (yaw and pitch) conditions, and a first-of-its-kind assessment of a novel vortex control baffle (VCB). To ensure benchmark-quality spectral data, rigorous signal processing techniques were applied, specifically Wiener filtering for background noise suppression and dynamic transfer function correction for pinhole sensors. Key findings indicate that while spectral self-similarity holds across Reynolds numbers, the primary finding is the critical role of appendages in noise amplification. Unstable horseshoe vortex dynamics at the sail-hull junction drive localized pressure fluctuations of up to 300%, establishing this feature as a major coherent noise source. To address this, the study provides the pioneering experimental validation of the VCB. By physically suppressing horseshoe vortex formation at the sail-hull junction, the VCB achieves a global stabilization of the downstream flow, resulting in a significant 35% reduction in root-mean-square wall-pressure fluctuations at the stern and an approximately 14% reduction along the parallel mid-body. Furthermore, maneuvering conditions are shown to fundamentally reshape the pressure field, introducing substantial crossflow effects and non-monotonic spectral behaviors. This comprehensive dataset and the demonstrated efficacy of the VCB provide essential physical insights and a critical validation benchmark for the design of next-generation quiet submarines.