Intelligence Requires Grounding But Not Embodiment

TL;DR

This paper argues that grounding, rather than embodiment, is essential for intelligence, demonstrating that non-embodied agents can possess key intelligent properties through grounding in digital environments.

Contribution

It clarifies the distinction between grounding and embodiment, showing that grounding suffices for intelligence and challenging the necessity of embodiment.

Findings

Grounded non-embodied agents can possess motivation and understanding.

Embodiment is not a necessary condition for intelligence.

Thought experiment supports grounding as sufficient for intelligent behavior.

Abstract

Recent advances in LLMs have reignited scientific debate over whether embodiment is necessary for intelligence. We present the argument that intelligence requires grounding, a phenomenon entailed by embodiment, but not embodiment itself. We define intelligence as the possession of four properties -- motivation, predictive ability, understanding of causality, and learning from experience -- and argue that each can be achieved by a non-embodied, grounded agent. We use this to conclude that grounding, not embodiment, is necessary for intelligence. We then present a thought experiment of an intelligent LLM agent in a digital environment and address potential counterarguments.