Measuring Rotation Periods in Crowded Star Clusters with TESS: A Proof-of-Concept with NGC 3532

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that TESS data, despite its large pixel size, can reliably measure stellar rotation periods in crowded star clusters like NGC 3532, expanding the potential for stellar rotation studies.

Contribution

The paper presents a method to extract reliable stellar rotation periods from TESS data in crowded fields, validated with NGC 3532, and adds significantly to existing rotation period catalogs.

Findings

Recovered 69% of known periods from TESS data.

Measured 706 new rotation periods in NGC 3532.

TESS data can be used reliably in crowded environments with proper analysis.

Abstract

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has observed nearly the entire sky, producing full-frame images (FFIs) every 30 min (Cycles 1$-$2), 10 min (Cycles 3$-$4), and now 200 s (Cycle 5+), over 27-day sectors. Light curves extracted from FFIs can be used to measure stellar rotation periods ($P_{\rm rot}$) in nearby open clusters, and are well-suited for studying low-mass stars ($\lesssim$1.2 M$_\odot$) younger than $\approx$1 Gyr, whose $P_{\rm rot}$ are generally still $\leq$15 days. A challenge to exploiting TESS data fully is its 21$''$ pixel size, which can cause strong signals from a source to contaminate the signals of nearby sources in the crowded environments found, e.g., in the more distant and/or richest clusters. We conducted a test with the young ($\approx$350 Myr old), moderately distant (470 pc), and rich open cluster NGC 3532 ($N_\star$ > 3000), which has an extensive $P_{\rm rot}$ catalog from ground-based photometry, to examine the reliability of $P_{\rm rot}$ obtained from TESS data. We recovered 69% of the literature periods from at least one of the three TESS cycles in which NGC 3532 was observed before any quality analysis. We then used all available TESS data for low-mass members of NGC 3532 and, applying a set of quality cuts that combined information from TESS and from Gaia, measured $P_{\rm rot}$ for 885 cluster stars, adding 706 new $P_{\rm rot}$ to the existing catalog. We conclude that, when considered with appropriate caution, TESS data for stars in crowded fields can yield reliable $P_{\rm rot}$ measurements.