Integrated Photonic Quantum Computing: From Silicon to Lithium Niobate

TL;DR

This paper reviews advancements in integrated photonic quantum computing using silicon and lithium niobate platforms, emphasizing scalability, device performance, and future potential in quantum technologies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of silicon and lithium niobate photonic quantum devices, highlighting recent progress and future directions for scalable quantum computing.

Findings

Silicon photonics has achieved millimeter-scale, high-density quantum circuits.

Lithium niobate offers high efficiency in photon manipulation and frequency control.

The review identifies pathways for scaling and integrating these platforms for advanced quantum applications.

Abstract

Quantum technologies have surpassed classical systems by leveraging the unique properties of superposition and entanglement in photons and matter. Recent advancements in integrated quantum photonics, especially in silicon-based and lithium niobate platforms, are pushing the technology toward greater scalability and functionality. Silicon circuits have progressed from centimeter-scale, dual-photon systems to millimeter-scale, high-density devices that integrate thousands of components, enabling sophisticated programmable manipulation of multi-photon states. Meanwhile, lithium niobate, thanks to its wide optical transmission window, outstanding nonlinear and electro-optic coefficients, and chemical stability, has emerged as an optimal substrate for fully integrated photonic quantum chips. Devices made from this material exhibit high efficiency in in generating, manipulating, converting, storing, and detecting photon states, thereby establishing a basis for deterministic multi-photon generation and single-photon quantum interactions, as well as comprehensive frequency-state control. This review explores the development of integrated photonic quantum technologies based on both silicon and lithium niobate, highlighting invaluable insights gained from silicon-based systems that can assist the scaling of lithium niobate technologies. It examines the functional integration mechanisms of lithium niobate in electro-optic tuning and nonlinear energy conversion, showcasing its transformative impact throughout the photonic quantum computing process. Looking ahead, we speculate on the developmental pathways for lithium niobate platforms and their potential to revolutionize areas such as quantum communication, complex system simulation, quantum sampling, and optical quantum computing paradigms.