Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Aided Wave-Domain Signal Processing: From Communications to Sensing and Computing

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development, theory, prototypes, and applications of stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) for electromagnetic wave-based signal processing, highlighting their potential in high-speed, low-power communication, sensing, and computing.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of SIM technology, including design, optimization, applications, and future challenges, advancing the understanding of physical neural networks using metasurfaces.

Findings

SIMs enable high-speed, parallel electromagnetic signal processing.

Experimental evidence shows SIMs support multiple functions in a single device.

Identification of key technical challenges and future research directions.

Abstract

Neural networks possess incredible capabilities for extracting abstract features from data. Electromagnetic computing harnesses wave propagation to execute computational operations. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength meta-atoms, are capable of engineering electromagnetic waves in unprecedented ways. What happens when combining these three cutting-edge technologies? This question has sparked a surge of interest in designing physical neural networks using stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) technology, with the aim of implementing various computational tasks by directly processing electromagnetic waves. SIMs open up an exciting avenue toward high-speed, massively parallel, and low-power signal processing in the electromagnetic domain. This article provides a comprehensive overview of SIM technology, commencing with its evolutionary development. We subsequently examine its theoretical foundations and existing SIM prototypes in depth. Furthermore, the optimization/training strategies conceived to configure SIMs for achieving the desired functionalities are discussed from two different perspectives. Additionally, we explore the diverse applications of SIM technology across the communication, sensing, and computing domains, presenting experimental evidence that highlights its distinctive advantages in supporting multiple functions within a single device. Finally, we identify critical technical challenges that must be addressed to deploy SIMs in next-generation wireless networks and shed light on promising research directions to unlock their full potential.