Photorefraction Management in Lithium Niobate Waveguides: High-Temperature vs. Cryogenic Solutions

TL;DR

This paper compares high-temperature and cryogenic solutions for managing photorefraction in lithium niobate waveguides, introducing an auxiliary light source method suitable for cryogenic environments to improve nonlinear optical device performance.

Contribution

It presents a novel approach using an auxiliary light source to mitigate photorefraction effects in cryogenic conditions, expanding the operational capabilities of lithium niobate devices.

Findings

Photorefraction impacts phase-matching spectra in nonlinear processes.

High-temperature operation increases photorefractive damage threshold.

Auxiliary light source effectively restores phase-matching in cryogenic environments.

Abstract

Lithium niobate sees widespread use in nonlinear and quantum optical devices, such as for sum- and difference-frequency generation or spontaneous parametric down-conversion. In lithium niobate waveguides, nonlinear optical processes are often limited by the so-called photorefractive effect, which limits the maximum input or output powers and impacts the nonlinear spectral response. Therefore, strategies for the management of photorefractive damage are a key consideration in device design. Usually, the photorefractive damage threshold, i.e. the maximal permissible operating power, can be increased by high temperature operation of devices. This approach, however, is not applicable in cryogenic environments, which may be required for specialized applications. To better understand the impact of photorefraction in nonlinear optical applications, we study the impact of photorefraction on the phase-matching spectra of two nonlinear-optical sum-frequency generation experiments at 1) high temperatures and 2) cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore, we present an approach to reduce the impact of photorefraction which is compatible with cryogenic operation. This comprises an auxiliary light source, propagating in the same waveguide, which is used to restore phase-matching spectra impacted by photorefraction, as well as reduce pyroelectric effects. Our work provides an alternative route to photorefraction management applicable to cryogenic environments, as well as in situations with tight energy budgets like space applications.