Tracing 3D Anatomy in 2D Strokes: A Multi-Stage Projection Driven Approach to Cervical Spine Fracture Identification

TL;DR

This paper introduces a multi-stage projection-based method for cervical spine fracture detection from CT scans, combining 2D segmentation and 3D volume estimation to achieve high diagnostic accuracy with reduced computational complexity.

Contribution

It proposes a novel approach that approximates 3D volumes via optimized 2D projections, enabling effective fracture detection with reduced input dimensionality.

Findings

Achieved 94.45% mean IOU in vertebra localization

Attained 87.86% mean Dice score in vertebra segmentation

Reached 82.26% patient-level F1 score in fracture detection

Abstract

Cervical spine fractures demand rapid and accurate diagnosis for effective clinical management. This study presents an automated, end-to-end pipeline for fracture detection across cervical vertebrae (C1--C7) that assesses the feasibility of fracture recognition from vertebra-level volumes of interest extracted using estimated 3D masks derived from fused orthogonal 2D segmentations. Unlike traditional 3D methods, our approach approximates 3D volumes via optimized 2D axial, sagittal, and coronal projections to reduce input dimensionality of intermediate pre-processing steps while maintaining high diagnostic performance for downstream fracture classification. First, spine regions of interest are localized from multi-view variance projections using a YOLOv8 detector, achieving a 3D mean Intersection over Union of 94.45%. Next, multi-label vertebra segmentation is performed using a DenseNet121-Unet architecture on energy-based sagittal and coronal projections, attaining a mean Dice score of 87.86%. The orthogonal 2D masks are then fused to reconstruct an estimated 3D mask for each vertebra, which is used to extract volumes of interest from the original CT. These extracted vertebra volumes are subsequently analyzed for fractures using an ensemble of 2.5D spatio-sequential CNN-Transformer models, yielding vertebra-level and patient-level F1 scores of 68.15 and 82.26, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores of 91.62 and 83.04, respectively. The framework is further validated through an explainability study using saliency map visualizations and an interobserver variability analysis. Overall, the results indicate that this projection-based strategy delivers clinically relevant performance comparable to expert radiologists, while reducing the dimensionality of intermediate stages, supporting its potential for practical deployment.