Increasing the stability of a superfluid in a rotating necklace potential

TL;DR

This paper theoretically investigates the stability of ring superfluids with rotating potentials, showing how barriers and disorder influence the onset of dynamical instabilities and soliton emission.

Contribution

It extends previous studies by analyzing the effects of multiple barriers and disorder on superfluid stability in rotating ring potentials.

Findings

Critical angular velocity increases with number of barriers

Disorder can enhance superfluid stability against instabilities

Dynamical instabilities lead to soliton emission and circulation reversal

Abstract

Recent experiments have probed the stability of ring superfluids in the presence of Josephson barriers or Gaussian impurities. Here we present a theoretical analysis that extends beyond the regimes explored so far. We study the onset of dynamical instabilities induced by a one-dimensional potential rotating at an effective angular velocity $\omega$, addressing both the tunneling and the hydrodynamic regimes. We show that the critical angular velocity $\omega_c$ increases almost linearly with the number of barriers, with a slope set by their height and width. When the system is quenched into the dynamically unstable regime, it emits multiple solitons, which can switch or even reverse the direction of circulation. The stabilization mechanism is robust against imperfections of the potential and does not require a perfectly periodic array of barriers. In particular, we find that adding a disordered speckle potential to an ordered array of barriers can further increase $\omega_c$: disorder can therefore make a ring superfluid more resilient to dynamical instabilities.