Minutes-long soft X-ray prompt emission from a compact object merger

TL;DR

This paper reports the first direct observation of a minutes-long soft X-ray emission immediately following a short gamma-ray burst, suggesting such emission is common in merger-driven events and valuable for multi-messenger astronomy.

Contribution

It provides the first direct detection of prolonged soft X-ray emission during the prompt phase of a compact object merger, expanding understanding of GRB emission mechanisms.

Findings

Detected a 560-second soft X-ray flash after a short GRB.

Indicates long-lasting X-ray emission is common in merger-driven bursts.

Suggests X-ray emission as a promising electromagnetic counterpart to gravitational waves.

Abstract

Compact object mergers are multi-messenger sources and progenitors of some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), primarily understood by gamma-ray observations, while poorly constrained in the prompt low-energy phase. A long-lasting X-ray emission was discussed as afterglows following several short-duration ($\lesssim$2 s) bursts, yet this prompt X-ray component was not directly observed or confirmed. Here we report the discovery of a minutes-long ($\sim$560 s) flash of soft X-rays immediately following the short ($\sim$0.4 s) GRB 250704B. The long-soft bump points to a distinct phase of prompt emission in X-rays detected by Einstein Probe in an event that otherwise appear as an ordinary short GRB, showing that long-lasting X-ray emission is likely a common feature of merger-driven bursts and a promising electromagnetic counterpart to gravitational-wave sources.