Rate of Repeating Tidal Disruption Events with 5--19 years interval

TL;DR

This study investigates the occurrence of repeating tidal disruption events (rTDEs) with intervals of 5-19 years, finding that they may constitute a significant fraction of observed TDEs and could be due to repeating partial disruptions.

Contribution

First statistical analysis of long-interval rTDEs, suggesting they are common and likely caused by repeating partial TDEs, impacting TDE rate estimates.

Findings

Identified 2 rTDE candidates with intervals of 13.2 and 17.1 years.

Estimated rTDEs could account for 25-60% of TDEs.

High fraction of rTDEs implies the observed TDE rate may be overestimated.

Abstract

Statistics on tidal disruption events (TDEs) may be contaminated by repeating TDEs (rTDEs), which have been extensively discovered recently. However, the origin of rTDEs remains unclear. In addition, no statistical research on rTDEs with time intervals $>5$ years has been made yet. In this work, we searched for rTDEs with time intervals of 5--19 years using CRTS data in a sample of 16 ZTF BTS TDEs at $z<0.05$. We found 2 rTDE candidates, AT 2019azh and AT 2024pvu, with time intervals of 13.2 and 17.1 years, respectively. The peak luminosities of CRTS flares are close to those of ZTF flares. For the CRTS flare of AT 2024pvu, using GALEX UV observations near the peak, we measured a blackbody temperature of $\sim19500$ K, consistent with TDEs and higher than SNe. Moreover, we estimated the expected number of SNe in the sample to be $\lesssim0.08$, and hence the probability that both CRTS flares are SNe is only 0.3\%. Therefore, the possibility that both CRTS flares are SNe can be ruled out, and it is likely that both are TDEs. Using the two rTDEs, we inferred that the TDE rate is 2--3 orders of magnitude higher than the average over 5--19 years prior to TDE detection. Considering another two rTDEs with intervals of $\sim$2 years in the sample and possible rTDEs missed by CRTS, rTDEs with intervals of $<20$ years may account for 25\%--60\% of the TDE sample. We prefer to explain rTDEs as repeating partial TDEs. If so, the high fraction of rTDEs suggests that the observed optical TDE rate has been overestimated. However, the possibility of independent TDEs cannot be ruled out and requires future observational tests.