Purely equatorial lasing in spherical liquid crystal polymer microlasers with engineered refractive index gradient

TL;DR

This paper presents a spherical liquid crystal microlaser with an engineered refractive index gradient that confines lasing to a single equatorial plane, enabling precise sensing and mode control.

Contribution

It introduces a novel spherical microlaser with a fixed refractive index gradient that confines lasing to a single plane and reveals mode splitting due to index gradients.

Findings

Lasing confined to the equatorial plane due to index gradient

Mode splitting observed and explained by analytical modeling

Potential for stable, position-independent sensing applications

Abstract

Liquid crystal whispering gallery mode microlasers show high sensitivity to external stimuli and distinct spectral features, rendering them ideally suited for various sensing applications. They also offer intrinsic anisotropic optical properties, which can be used to shape and manipulate light even inside spatially highly symmetric structures. Here, we report the synthesis and detailed optical characterization of a spherical bipolar liquid crystal polymer microlaser that tightly confines the optical path of whispering gallery modes to the equatorial plane. By controlled anchoring of the liquid crystal mesogens followed by polymerization, a fixed refractive index gradient is formed within the spherical microcavity. Consequently, only transverse electric (TE) modes oscillating in the equatorial plane experience the high extraordinary refractive index, allowing to confine lasing into a single plane. Furthermore, we observe that the refractive index gradient causes a characteristic splitting of the TE modes. By combining hyperspectral imaging and analytical modeling, we demonstrate that the observed splitting is caused by lifting of the energy degeneracy of higher order azimuthal laser modes, enabling direct insights into the complex interplay of refractive index gradients and resulting whispering gallery mode confinement. In addition, the unique ability to confine lasing of a spherical microbead into only a single plane makes these microlasers independent of the exact position of the pump beam, which allows consistent localized sensing especially in combination with fast point scanning microscopes or inside highly dynamic biological environments.