QCD-Like Theories with Different Color Numbers

TL;DR

This paper explores the theoretical implications of varying the number of colors in QCD, emphasizing the large-$ c$ limit as a unifying framework for understanding hadronic and dense matter phenomena, including lattice simulations of two-color and isospin QCD.

Contribution

It reviews the large-$ c$ expansion in QCD and extends discussions to hot/dense matter, highlighting its role in understanding confinement and deconfinement, with insights into two-color and isospin QCD.

Findings

Large-$ c$ limit provides a unified framework for hadronic and quark matter.

The $1/ c$ expansion sharpens understanding of non-Abelian gauge theories.

Lattice simulations of two-color and isospin QCD offer valuable insights at finite density.

Abstract

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a general number of colors, $\Nc$, provides a powerful theoretical laboratory to explore the dynamics of non-Abelian gauge theories. Although $\Nc =3$ does not look a large number, the $1/\Nc$ expansion provides us with a very useful classification and book-keeping scheme for hadronic processes and sharpens conceptions otherwise obscured in real-world QCD with $\Nc = 3$. Important applications are dense QCD matter where the first principle methods for QCD are not available and many conceptual issues remain to be clarified. In this chapter we first review hadrons at large $\Nc$ from the viewpoint of quark-gluon dynamics, and then extend the discussions to hot/dense matter, focusing on confinement-deconfinement aspects. We emphasize how the large-$\Nc$ limit provides a unified organizing principle for hadronic and quark degrees of freedom in regimes where first-principle methods are limited. Two-color and isospin QCD, for which lattice simulations at finite density can be performed for a special reason, is reviewed.