Rigidity results in multi-bubble dynamics for non-radial energy-critical heat equation

TL;DR

This paper classifies the asymptotic multi-bubble behaviors in non-radial energy-critical heat equations in high dimensions, revealing three universal blow-up speeds and providing new insights into non-radial multi-soliton dynamics.

Contribution

It provides the first classification of non-radial multi-bubble dynamics, identifying three universal blow-up speeds and analyzing the roles of scales, positions, and signs.

Findings

Identified three distinct universal blow-up speeds in multi-bubble dynamics.

Established conditions under which bubbles concentrate or stabilize.

Constructed examples for cases with up to four bubbles.

Abstract

This paper concerns the classification of asymptotic behaviors in multi-bubble dynamics for the energy-critical nonlinear heat equations in large dimensions $N\geq7$ without symmetry. This multi-bubble dynamics appears naturally at least for a sequence of times in view of soliton resolution. We assume each bubble is given by the scalings and translations of $\pm W$ with (localized) non-colliding conditions for a sequence of times, where $W$ is the ground state. The case of one soliton was previously established and in particular there is no blow-up. We consider the case of $J\geq2$ solitons, where we expect only infinite-time blow-up. We are able to identify three different scenarios, where we have a continuous-in-time resolution with an unexpected universal blow-up speed. The first one is when one scaling is much larger than the others. In this case, one bubble does not concentrate (hence stabilize) and the other bubbles concentrate with the universal blow-up speed $t^{-2/(N-6)}$ together with strong sign constraints. Next, assuming we are not in the first scenario, we establish a non-degenerate condition on the positions of bubbles to obtain that all bubbles concentrate with the universal blow-up speed $t^{-1/(N-4)}$. The last case we consider is a degenerate, but not too much degenerate, scenario. Here again, we obtain that all bubbles concentrate with the universal blow-up speed $t^{-1/(N-3)}$. This last rate has not been discovered before. Our theorem covers the case of four or less bubbles and we provide the construction of examples. To our knowledge, this is the first classification result in the non-radial multi-bubble dynamics, where both the scales, positions, and signs enter the dynamics nontrivially.