A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Inspired Approaches to Coordination, Communication, and System Architecture in Underwater Swarm Robotics

TL;DR

This review synthesizes bio-inspired coordination, communication, and system design strategies for underwater swarm robotics, highlighting algorithms, communication methods, hardware advances, and future challenges for real-world marine applications.

Contribution

It provides an integrated framework unifying bio-inspired algorithms, communication strategies, and hardware design considerations specific to underwater swarm robotics.

Findings

Analysis of key marine-specific algorithms like Artificial Fish Swarm and Whale Optimization

Evaluation of underwater communication constraints and emerging solutions

Identification of challenges and future directions for deployment

Abstract

The increasing complexity of marine operations has intensified the need for intelligent robotic systems to support ocean observation, exploration, and resource management. Underwater swarm robotics offers a promising framework that extends the capabilities of individual autonomous platforms through collective coordination. Inspired by natural systems, such as fish schools and insect colonies, bio-inspired swarm approaches enable distributed decision-making, adaptability, and resilience under challenging marine conditions. Yet research in this field remains fragmented, with limited integration across algorithmic, communication, and hardware design perspectives. This review synthesises bio-inspired coordination mechanisms, communication strategies, and system design considerations for underwater swarm robotics. It examines key marine-specific algorithms, including the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm, Whale Optimisation Algorithm, Coral Reef Optimisation, and Marine Predators Algorithm, highlighting their applications in formation control, task allocation, and environmental interaction. The review also analyses communication constraints unique to the underwater domain and emerging acoustic, optical, and hybrid solutions that support cooperative operation. Additionally, it examines hardware and system design advances that enhance system efficiency and scalability. A multi-dimensional classification framework evaluates existing approaches across communication dependency, environmental adaptability, energy efficiency, and swarm scalability. Through this integrated analysis, the review unifies bio-inspired coordination algorithms, communication modalities, and system design approaches. It also identifies converging trends, key challenges, and future research directions for real-world deployment of underwater swarm systems.