Wavelet-Driven Masked Multiscale Reconstruction for PPG Foundation Models

TL;DR

This paper introduces a wavelet-based self-supervised pretraining method for PPG signals that captures multi-resolution features across time and frequency, improving performance on diverse health tasks.

Contribution

It presents Masked Multiscale Reconstruction (MMR), a novel framework that leverages wavelet decomposition for hierarchical PPG representation learning, outperforming existing models.

Findings

MMR improves performance on 17 of 19 health tasks.

Wavelet-based features capture physiologically-grounded information.

Pretraining on large-scale data enhances model generalization.

Abstract

Wearable foundation models have the potential to transform digital health by learning transferable representations from large-scale biosignals collected in everyday settings. While recent progress has been made in large-scale pretraining, most approaches overlook the spectral structure of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, wherein physiological rhythms unfold across multiple frequency bands. Motivated by the insight that many downstream health-related tasks depend on multi-resolution features spanning fine-grained waveform morphology to global rhythmic dynamics, we introduce Masked Multiscale Reconstruction (MMR) for PPG representation learning - a self-supervised pretraining framework that explicitly learns from hierarchical time-frequency scales of PPG data. The pretraining task is designed to reconstruct randomly masked out coefficients obtained from a wavelet-based multiresolution decomposition of PPG signals, forcing the transformer encoder to integrate information across temporal and spectral scales. We pretrain our model with MMR using ~17 million unlabeled 10-second PPG segments from ~32,000 smartwatch users. On 17 of 19 diverse health-related tasks, MMR trained on large-scale wearable PPG data improves over or matches state-of-the-art open-source PPG foundation models, time-series foundation models, and other self-supervised baselines. Extensive analysis of our learned embeddings and systematic ablations underscores the value of wavelet-based representations, showing that they capture robust and physiologically-grounded features. Together, these results highlight the potential of MMR as a step toward generalizable PPG foundation models.