A curvature-regularized variational problem with an area constraint

TL;DR

This paper introduces a curvature-regularized variational model with an area constraint to identify optimal interface profiles that minimize localized shear stress, showing that common geometries are not optimal.

Contribution

The study formulates a novel variational problem incorporating curvature effects and proves the existence of minimizers, revealing that typical interlock shapes are suboptimal.

Findings

Existence of a minimizer for the curvature-regularized functional.

Constant-curvature profiles do not satisfy optimality conditions.

Common interlock geometries are not variationally optimal.

Abstract

Interlocking interfaces are commonly employed to mitigate relative sliding under shear.Indeed, Their geometry is typically selected on grounds of fabrication convenience rather than analytical optimality. There is no reason to suppose that circular or polygonal profiles minimize localized stress concentration under fixed geometric constraints. We propose a variational model in which the interface is represented by a planar curve $y=f(x)$, and localized stress amplification is quantified by a curvature-sensitive functional \[ J[f] = \int_{-a}^{a} \bigl(1+\gamma \kappa^2\bigr) \sqrt{1+f'(x)^2}\,dx, \] defined on the Sobolev space $W^{2,2}([-a,a])$. The functional is motivated by elasticity-theoretic considerations in which curvature enters the leading-order stress field near a singular interface.Indeed, any profile possessing discontinuous tangents yields a divergent integral, thereby rendering it energetically inadmissible within the Sobolev space $W^{2,2}$. An area constraint $\int_{-a}^{a} f(x)\,dx = A_0$ is imposed to model fixed material volume. Using the direct method of the calculus of variations, we establish the existence of a minimizer and derive the associated Euler--Lagrange equation, a nonlinear fourth-order boundary value problem. Note, however, that constant-curvature and piecewise-linear profiles fail to satisfy the necessary optimality conditions under the imposed constraint. Indeed, we are thus forced to conclude that analytical optimality necessitates a more complex variation in the local tangent angle The analysis indicates that commonly employed interlock geometries are not variationally optimal for minimizing localized shear stress within this class of admissible interfaces.