Stochastic dynamics from maximum entropy in action space

TL;DR

This paper introduces an information-theoretic approach to stochastic dynamics in action space, providing a covariant framework that unifies classical and relativistic processes without path integration.

Contribution

It develops a novel maximum entropy formulation in action space, extending stochastic dynamics to relativistic regimes and clarifying the role of entropic degeneracy and density of states.

Findings

Reproduces Brownian motion in the nonrelativistic limit

Extends stochastic dynamics to relativistic regimes

Derives explicit density of states using large deviation theory

Abstract

We develop an information-theoretic formulation of stochastic dynamics in which the fundamental stochastic variable is the total action connecting spacetime points, rather than individual paths. By maximizing Shannon entropy over a joint distribution of actions and endpoints, subject to normalization and a constraint on the mean action, we obtain a Boltzmann-like distribution in action space. This framework reproduces the standard Brownian propagator in the nonrelativistic limit and naturally extends to relativistic regimes, where the Wiener construction fails to preserve Lorentz covariance. The approach bypasses functional integration over paths, makes the role of entropic degeneracy explicit through an action-space density of states, and provides a transparent connection between the principle of least action and statistical inference. We derive the density of states explicitly using large deviation theory, showing that it takes a Gaussian form centered at the minimal action, and rigorously justify the saddle-point approximation in the diffusive regime. The Markovian property of the resulting propagator is verified to hold via the Chapman--Kolmogorov equation, following from the additivity of the minimal action for free-particle dynamics. In the diffusive regime, the resulting dynamics are governed by a competition between extremization of the action and entropic effects, which can be interpreted in terms of an effective action free energy. Our results establish an unified, covariant, and information-based foundation for classical and relativistic stochastic processes.