Dose-LET Interactions Predict Capsular Contracture After Proton Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy

TL;DR

This study identifies specific dose-LET interactions in proton therapy that predict capsular contracture risk after postmastectomy radiation, enabling improved treatment planning to reduce complications.

Contribution

It introduces a novel dose-LET volume histogram analysis and a predictive SVM-based model for capsular contracture in proton postmastectomy radiation therapy.

Findings

Three significant dose-LET volume indices associated with capsular contracture.

The SVM model achieved 87% AUROC with high accuracy and specificity.

Derived dosimetric constraints can guide treatment planning to minimize risk.

Abstract

Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy provides highly conformal dose distributions that are increasingly leveraged for postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) to reduce cardiopulmonary exposure. However, implant-based reconstruction in the setting of PMRT remains vulnerable to capsular contracture, and biological mechanisms of possible high linear energy transfer (LET) in PBS have not been well characterized. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy followed by implant-based reconstruction and proton PMRT (50 Gy in 25 fractions) between 2015 and 2021. Dose-LET volume histograms (DLVHs) were calculated for peri-implant tissue (5-mm shell around the implant). Generalized linear mixed-effects regression (GLMER) was employed to identify DLVH indices significantly associated with capsular contracture. Spearman correlation analysis was used to eliminate redundance. DLVCs were derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and validated using support vector machine (SVM)-based normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model. Eight capsular contracture and 16 matched controls patients were analyzed. Three independent and significant DLVH indices were identified(p<0.01). The corresponding DLVCs were: V(55.8 Gy[RBE=1.1], 2.2 keV/{\mu}m) < 0.0033%, V(50.3 Gy[RBE=1.1], 5.4 keV/{\mu}m) < 0.0017%, and V(32.8 Gy[RBE=1.1], 0.9 keV/{\mu}m) > 96.98%. The SVM-based NTCP model achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.867, with 91.7% accuracy, 87.5% sensitivity, and 93.8% specificity. Capsular contracture following proton PMRT is significantly associated with the synergistic interplay between dose and LETd in peri-implant tissue. The derived DLVCs provide actionable dosimetric constraints that can be integrated into treatment planning to minimize capsular contracture risk in proton PMRT.