Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review
Molly Campbell, Mohamad Sheikho Al Jasem, Ajay Kumar Shrestha

TL;DR
This systematic review analyzes privacy-by-design approaches for protecting youth in AI-enabled smart devices, highlighting technical solutions, policy gaps, and educational strategies, and proposes a multi-stakeholder model for more effective privacy ecosystems.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive, empirically grounded analysis of existing privacy frameworks and offers actionable recommendations for youth-centered privacy design in smart devices.
Findings
Technical solutions like federated learning are underutilized.
Policy frameworks have enforcement gaps and lack age-specific design.
Educational initiatives are rarely integrated systematically.
Abstract
This literature review evaluates privacy-by-design frameworks, tools, and policies intended to protect youth in AI-enabled smart devices using a PRISMA-guided workflow. Sources from major academic and grey-literature repositories from the past decade were screened. The search identified 2,216 records; after deduplication and screening, 645 articles underwent eligibility assessment, and 122 were included for analysis. The corpus was organized along three thematic categories: technical solutions, policy/regulatory measures, and education/awareness strategies. Findings reveal that while technical interventions such as on-device processing, federated learning, and lightweight encryption significantly reduce data exposure, their adoption remains limited. Policy frameworks, including the EU's GDPR, the UK Age-Appropriate Design Code, and Canada's PIPEDA, provide important baselines but are…
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Taxonomy
TopicsPrivacy, Security, and Data Protection · Advanced Malware Detection Techniques · Information and Cyber Security
