Beyond Rule-Based Workflows: An Information-Flow-Orchestrated Multi-Agents Paradigm via Agent-to-Agent Communication from CORAL

TL;DR

This paper introduces a dynamic, information-flow-driven multi-agent system that uses natural language communication to coordinate agents without predefined workflows, improving flexibility and robustness in complex tasks.

Contribution

It proposes a novel agent-to-agent communication paradigm that replaces rule-based workflows with a dynamic, natural language-driven coordination mechanism, enhancing adaptability in multi-agent systems.

Findings

Achieves 63.64% pass@1 accuracy on GAIA benchmark, surpassing rule-based baseline.

Enables more flexible task monitoring and robust handling of edge cases.

Reduces manual effort in designing multi-agent workflows.

Abstract

Most existing Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) rely on predefined workflows, where human engineers enumerate task states in advance and specify routing rules and contextual injections accordingly. Such workflow-driven designs are essentially rule-based decision trees, which suffer from two fundamental limitations: they require substantial manual effort to anticipate and encode possible task states, and they cannot exhaustively cover the state space of complex real-world tasks. To address these issues, we propose an Information-Flow-Orchestrated Multi-Agent Paradigm via Agent-to-Agent (A2A) Communication from CORAL, in which a dedicated information flow orchestrator continuously monitors task progress and dynamically coordinates other agents through the A2A toolkit using natural language, without relying on predefined workflows. We evaluate our approach on the general-purpose benchmark GAIA, using the representative workflow-based MAS OWL as the baseline while controlling for agent roles and underlying models. Under the pass@1 setting, our method achieves 63.64% accuracy, outperforming OWL's 55.15% by 8.49 percentage points with comparable token consumption. Further case-level analysis shows that our paradigm enables more flexible task monitoring and more robust handling of edge cases. Our implementation is publicly available at: https://github.com/Coral-Protocol/Beyond-Rule-Based-Workflows