A metric characterization of projections among positive norm-One elements in unital C$^*$-algebras

TL;DR

This paper provides a geometric characterization of projections among positive norm-one elements in unital C*-algebras using the norm structure of the Banach space.

Contribution

It introduces a novel geometric criterion, called the double sphere property, to identify projections within positive norm-one elements in unital C*-algebras.

Findings

Projections are characterized by a specific double sphere property.

The geometric criterion applies to positive elements in unital C*-algebras.

The approach extends to JB*-algebras.

Abstract

We characterize projections among positive norm-one elements in unital C$^*$-algebras in pure geometric terms determined by the norm of the underlying Banach space. Concretely, let $A$ be a C$^*$-algebra (or a JB$^*$-algebra) whose positive cone and unit sphere are denoted by ${A}^+$ and $\mathrm{S}_{A}$, respectively. The positive portion of the unit sphere in $A$, denoted by $\mathrm{S}_{{A}^+}$, is the set ${A}^+ \cap \mathrm{S}_{A}$, while the unit sphere of positive norm-one elements around a subset $\mathscr{S}$ in $\mathrm{S}_{A^+}$ is the set $$\hbox{Sph}_{_{\mathrm{S}_{{A}^+}}} (\mathscr{S}) :=\Big\{ x\in \mathrm{S}_{{A}^+} : \|x-s\|=1 \hbox{ for all } s\in \mathscr{S} \Big\}.$$ Assuming that $A$ is unital, we establish that an element $a\in \mathrm{S}_{{A}^+}$ is a projection if, and only if, it satisfies the double sphere property, that is, $ \hbox{Sph}_{_{\mathrm{S}_{{A}^+}}} \left(\hbox{Sph}_{_{\mathrm{S}_{{A}^+}}} \left(\{a\}\right) \right) = \{a\}.$