Universal scaling between precursory duration and event size across mechanically driven geohazards

TL;DR

This study reveals a universal, physics-based scaling law linking the duration of precursory acceleration phases to event size across various geohazards, enhancing early warning capabilities.

Contribution

It introduces a novel, objective framework to quantify precursory durations and uncovers a universal scaling law across diverse geohazard events.

Findings

Robust scaling between precursory duration and failure volume.

Near-linear relationship when expressed in system size.

Universal behavior suggests common failure mechanisms.

Abstract

Many catastrophic events, including landslides, rockbursts, glacier breakoffs, and volcanic eruptions, are preceded by an observable acceleration phase that offers a critical window for early warning and hazard mitigation; however, the duration of this precursory phase remains poorly constrained across sites, scales, and hazard types. This limitation arises because the onset of acceleration is often identified using heuristic thresholds or empirical criteria. Here, we introduce a physics-based framework that objectively constrains the precursory duration from accelerating dynamics, without prescribing the onset a priori or being tied to any specific observable. We analyze a global dataset of 109 geohazard events across seven continents over the past century, quantifying their precursory durations in a consistent manner. For mechanically driven instabilities, we identify a robust scaling between precursory duration and failure volume spanning more than ten orders of magnitude. When expressed in terms of a characteristic system size, this relationship is close to linear, consistent with finite-size scaling near a dynamical critical point. This behavior indicates that precursory duration reflects the progressive growth of correlated deformation up to system-spanning scales, rather than local rupture kinetics. The resulting universality points to common organizing mechanisms governing the approach to catastrophic failure across mechanically driven geohazards.