Belief in False Information: A Human-Centered Security Risk in Sociotechnical Systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews factors influencing belief in false information, highlighting how demographic, psychological, and media factors contribute to susceptibility, and discusses preventive strategies to mitigate this human-centered security risk in sociotechnical systems.

Contribution

It systematically categorizes 24 influence factors affecting belief in false information and conceptualizes this belief as a human-centered security risk in sociotechnical systems.

Findings

Lower education levels increase false belief susceptibility.

Certain personality traits like high extraversion and neuroticism are linked to false belief.

Preventive strategies such as labeling and promoting reflection can reduce belief in false information.

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the belief in false information, including misinformation, disinformation, and fake information. It addresses the increasing societal concern regarding false information, which is fueled by technological progress, especially advancements in artificial intelligence. This review systematically identifies and categorizes factors that influence the belief in false information. The review identifies 24 influence factors grouped into six main categories: demographic factors, personality traits, psychological factors, policy and values, media consumption, and preventive factors. Key findings highlight that lower education levels, high extraversion, low agreeableness, high neuroticism, and low cognitive reflection significantly increase belief in false information. The effectiveness of preventive strategies like labeling false information and promoting reflection about correctness is also discussed. This literature review conceptualizes belief in false information as a human-centered security risk in sociotechnical systems, as it can be exploited to manipulate decisions, undermine trust, and increase susceptibility to social engineering. It aims to inform preventive strategies that strengthen socio-technical security and societal resilience.