Measuring Social Bias in Vision-Language Models with Face-Only Counterfactuals from Real Photos

TL;DR

This paper introduces a face-only counterfactual evaluation method and dataset to measure social bias in vision-language models, revealing persistent demographic disparities across tasks.

Contribution

It proposes a novel face-only counterfactual paradigm, creates the FOCUS dataset, and benchmarks bias in VLMs across multiple decision tasks.

Findings

Demographic disparities persist under strict visual control.

Bias varies substantially across different task formulations.

Counterfactual evaluation reveals biases not apparent in original images.

Abstract

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in socially consequential settings, raising concerns about social bias driven by demographic cues. A central challenge in measuring such social bias is attribution under visual confounding: real-world images entangle race and gender with correlated factors such as background and clothing, obscuring attribution. We propose a \textbf{face-only counterfactual evaluation paradigm} that isolates demographic effects while preserving real-image realism. Starting from real photographs, we generate counterfactual variants by editing only facial attributes related to race and gender, keeping all other visual factors fixed. Based on this paradigm, we construct \textbf{FOCUS}, a dataset of 480 scene-matched counterfactual images across six occupations and ten demographic groups, and propose \textbf{REFLECT}, a benchmark comprising three decision-oriented tasks: two-alternative forced choice, multiple-choice socioeconomic inference, and numeric salary recommendation. Experiments on five state-of-the-art VLMs reveal that demographic disparities persist under strict visual control and vary substantially across task formulations. These findings underscore the necessity of controlled, counterfactual audits and highlight task design as a critical factor in evaluating social bias in multimodal models.