SPHEREx Re-Observation of Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS in December 2025: Detection of Increased Post-Perihelion Activity, Refractory Coma Dust, and New Coma Gas Species

TL;DR

NASA's SPHEREx spacecraft re-observed interstellar object 3I/ATLAS in December 2025, revealing increased activity, a developed cometary coma with new gas species, and significant changes in dust and ice composition post-perihelion.

Contribution

This study provides the first detailed spectrophotometric analysis of 3I/ATLAS after perihelion, showing the development of a fully sublimating cometary coma with new gas detections.

Findings

Increased activity and gas emissions post-perihelion.

Detection of new gas species CN and C-H in the coma.

Disappearance of H2O ice absorption features.

Abstract

In December-2025, the NASA SPHEREx spacecraft re-observed ISO 3I/ATLAS post-perihelion, finding a much more active object compared to August-2025 SPHEREx pre-perihelion observations, with marked evidence for development into an cometary body fully sublimating all its ices. The new imaging spectrophotometry was dominated by spatially resolved features due to light scattered by dust, along with thermal emission, plus gas-line emissions from CN (0.93 um), H2O (2.7 um), organic C-H (3.2 to 3.6 um), CO2 (4.25 to 4.27 um), and CO (4.6 to 4.8 um). The CO2 gas-coma continues to be extended out to a 3 arcmin radius. The continuum spectral signature of H2O-ice absorption had mostly disappeared, replaced by scattered-light plus thermal-emission from organo-silicaceous dust grains while the H2O gas-emission is 40x times brighter. The CO- and CO2-gas comae were circularly symmetric, while the other comae appear morphologically similar to the dust-coma with its pear-shaped, solar-pointing, large icy dust grains dust tail. The new appearance of CN and C-H features suggests that these carbon-rich ice species were contained either in H2O phases or were trapped under them.