Mati\`ere noire et (ou) gravitation modifi\'ee : une approche historique et \'epist\'emologique

TL;DR

This paper reviews the historical development and epistemological considerations of dark matter and modified gravity theories, questioning the necessity of dark matter in explaining cosmic phenomena and exploring alternative gravitational models.

Contribution

It provides a historical and epistemological analysis of dark matter and modified gravity, highlighting limitations and proposing alternative theories to the standard cosmological model.

Findings

Historical overview of dark matter concept

Discussion of limitations of dark matter model

Exploration of modified gravity theories as alternatives

Abstract

The current standard model of cosmology assumes that the majority of matter in the Universe is made of dark matter, and that the latter is fundamentally different from ordinary matter. Dark matter can in principle explain the rotation of galaxies, the gravitational lensing from galaxy clusters or the appearance of the cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the Universe. But does dark matter really exist? Here, we review the history of this concept and its implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies. We also consider the questions that remain, the limitations of the model, and present alternative theories, in particular modifications to the gravitional law that would -- perhaps -- make it possible to do without it.