A binary merger product as the direct progenitor of a Type II-P supernova

TL;DR

This paper presents evidence that a Type II-P supernova originated from a binary star merger, highlighting a new progenitor channel supported by observations and binary evolution simulations.

Contribution

It provides the first direct evidence linking binary mergers to Type II-P supernova progenitors, expanding understanding of supernova origins.

Findings

Progenitor was a binary merger product.

SN 2018gj had an unusually short light curve plateau.

Progenitor environment was very old.

Abstract

Type II-P supernovae (SNe II-P) are the most common class of core-collapse SNe in the local Universe and play critical roles in many aspects of astrophysics. Since decades ago theorists have predicted that SNe II-P may originate not only from single stars but also from interacting binaries. While ~20 SNII-P progenitors have been directly detected on pre-explosion images, observational evidence still remains scarce for this speculated binary progenitor channel. In this work, we report the discovery of a red supergiant progenitor for the Type II-P SN 2018gj. While the progenitor resembles those of other SNe II-P in terms of effective temperature and luminosity, it is located in a very old environment and SN 2018gj has an abnormally short plateau in the light curve. With state-of-the-art binary evolution simulations, we find these characteristics can only be explained if the progenitor of SN 2018gj is the merger product of a close binary system, which developed a different interior structure and evolved over a longer timescale compared with single-star evolution. This work provides the first compelling evidence for the long-sought binary progenitor channel toward SNe II-P, and our methodology serves as an innovative and pragmatic tool to motivate further investigations into this previously hidden population of SNe II-P from binaries.