Inclusion of Inter-crystal Scattering in PET: Analytical Models and Dedicated Reconstruction

TL;DR

This paper introduces a physics-based analytical model for inter-crystal scattering in PET, enabling improved image reconstruction by integrating ICS events without needing to identify their original response line.

Contribution

It presents a novel analytical model for ICS in PET and demonstrates its integration into a joint reconstruction algorithm, enhancing image quality and noise reduction.

Findings

Inclusion of ICS reduces statistical noise in PET images.

The model improves image uniformity despite slight decrease in recovery coefficients.

Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Abstract

Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is commonly regarded as a degradation effect that might compromise the image spatial resolution. In parallel, the inclusion of ICS events has also been recognized as a potential approach to increase PET sensitivity, which could be especially beneficial in scenarios where the latter is a limiting factor, such as very small animal imaging. Several methods for the recovery of ICS events have been proposed, many of which aim to locate the first interaction, i.e., the Compton scattering site, usually limited by their success rate, computational burden or data and training dependency. Conversely, this work proposes a physics-based model for ICS events, leading to analytical expressions of the sensitivity image and the system matrix (required by statistical reconstruction algorithms), without the need to identify the original line of response. After validating the model, the work shows how ICS events can be integrated into a joint image reconstruction algorithm (based on list-mode MLEM) together with conventional PET events, for which dedicated analytical models are also developed. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, Monte-Carlo simulated and experimental data of an image quality phantom were obtained with the MERMAID small-fish PET scanner prototype. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that, while slightly decreasing the recovery coefficient values, the inclusion of ICS clearly reduces statistical noise and improves uniformity.