Dark QCD Origin of the NANOGrav Signal and Self-Interacting Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper proposes a dark QCD-based model that explains the NANOGrav gravitational wave signal and addresses small-scale structure issues via self-interacting dark matter, linking cosmological signals to dark matter properties.

Contribution

It introduces a phenomenological framework with an SU(3)_D gauge theory that accounts for gravitational waves and dark matter self-interactions through a first-order phase transition in the early universe.

Findings

Model fits NANOGrav data comparable to SMBHB predictions.

Dark matter candidate is a 40 GeV dark baryon with self-interactions.

Predicted gravitational wave spectrum has a distinctive shape, testable with future PTAs.

Abstract

The NANOGrav 15-year stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) amplitude $A_{\rm yr} \approx 2.4 \times 10^{-15}$ lies at the upper edge of population synthesis predictions for supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), motivating exploration of additional cosmological sources. We present a phenomenological framework based on an $\text{SU}(3)_D$ gauge theory that can simultaneously accommodate the gravitational wave signal and resolve small-scale structure anomalies via Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM). The dark matter candidate is a heavy dark baryon $\chi = QQQ$ with mass $m_\chi \approx 40$~GeV, which self-interacts through a light pseudo-dilaton $d$ $m_d \approx 20$--$50$~MeV as a pseudo-Goldstone boson of approximate scale invariance arising in near-conformal gauge theories with $N_f \sim 6$--$8$ light flavors. A first-order phase transition at the MeV scale, enabled by walking dynamics near the conformal window, produces gravitational waves in the PTA band. For representative parameters $T_n \approx 5$--$6$~MeV, $\alpha \sim 500$--$1000$, $\beta/H_* \sim 30$--$50$, the model provides a fit to NANOGrav data comparable to SMBHB while naturally connecting the gravitational wave amplitude to the dark matter relic density through entropy dilution $D \approx \alpha^{3/4}$. We present explicit calculations of the bounce action, bubble wall velocity, and $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$, demonstrating that the benchmark parameters are theoretically consistent and cosmologically safe ($\Delta N_{\rm eff} \lesssim 0.1$ for $m_\pi > 2m_d$). The distinctive spectral shape ($f^3 \to f^{-4}$) provides a robust prediction testable with future PTAs.