Can Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Protect Passive Radio Sciences?

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) can protect passive radio sciences like radio astronomy, proposing mechanisms like just-in-time quiet zones and analyzing cooperation challenges through game theory.

Contribution

It introduces hybrid frameworks and incentive mechanisms to enable DSS to support passive services while maintaining high protection standards.

Findings

Non-cooperative sharing fails to protect passive services.

Sustained cooperation depends on specific conditions.

Enforceable accountability is crucial for DSS viability.

Abstract

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is increasingly promoted as a key element of modern spectrum policy, driven by the rising demand from commercial wireless systems and advances in spectrum access technologies. Passive radio sciences, including radio astronomy, Earth remote sensing, and meteorology, operate under fundamentally different constraints. They rely on exceptionally low interference spectrum and are highly vulnerable to even brief radio frequency interference. We examine whether DSS can benefit passive services or whether it introduces new failure modes and enforcement challenges. We propose just-in-time quiet zones (JITQZ) as a mechanism for protecting high value observations and assess hybrid frameworks that preserve static protection for core passive bands while allowing constrained dynamic access in adjacent frequencies. We analyze the roles of propagation uncertainty, electromagnetic compatibility constraints, and limited spectrum awareness. Using a game theoretic framework, we show why non-cooperative sharing fails, identify conditions for sustained cooperation, and examine incentive mechanisms including pseudonymetry-enabled attribution that promote compliance. We conclude that DSS can support passive radio sciences only as a high-reliability, safety-critical system. Static allocations remain essential, and dynamic access is viable only with conservative safeguards and enforceable accountability.