Filtering Interlopers with Photometry and Diagnostic Features: A Machine Learning Framework Validated with CSST Slitless Spectroscopy

TL;DR

This paper presents a machine learning framework using XGBoost to improve redshift accuracy and purity in slitless spectroscopic surveys, validated with CSST simulated data.

Contribution

It introduces a novel classifier leveraging photometric and diagnostic features to enhance redshift catalog purity and completeness in slitless spectroscopy.

Findings

Achieved 96.6% accurate redshift measurements among selected galaxies.

Selected galaxies with a 42.3% efficiency, maintaining high accuracy and low outlier rates.

Simplified configurations without diagnostics increase outlier fractions and contamination.

Abstract

The slitless spectroscopic method employed by missions such as Euclid and the Chinese Space-station Survey Telescope (CSST) faces a fundamental challenge: spectroscopic redshifts derived from their data are susceptible to emission-line misidentification due to the limited spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. This effect systematically introduces interloper galaxies into the sample. Conventional strict selection not only struggles to secure high redshift purity but also drastically reduces completeness by discarding valuable data. To overcome this limitation, we develop an XGBoost classifier that leverages photometric properties and spectroscopic diagnostics to construct a high-purity redshift catalog while maximizing completeness. We validate this method on a simulated sample with spectra generated by the CSST emulator for slitless spectroscopy. Of the $\sim$62 million galaxies that obtain valid redshifts (parent sample), approximately 43% achieve accurate measurements, defined as $|\Delta z| \leqslant 0.002(1+z)$. From this parent sample, the XGBoost classifier selects galaxies with a selection efficiency of 42.3% on the test set and 42.2% when deployed on the entire parent sample. Crucially, among the retained galaxies, 96.6% (parent sample: 96.5%) achieve accurate measurements, while the outlier fraction ($|\Delta z|>0.01(1+z)$) is constrained to 0.13% (0.11%). We verified that simplified configurations that exclude either spectroscopic diagnostics (except the measured redshift) or photometric data yield significantly higher outlier fractions, increasing by factors of approximately 3.5 and 6.3, respectively, with the latter case also introducing notable catastrophic interloper contamination. This framework effectively resolves the purity-completeness trade-off, enabling robust large-scale cosmological studies with CSST and similar surveys.