Generating unconventional spin-orbit torques with patterned phase gradients in tungsten thin films

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how patterned phase gradients in tungsten thin films can generate spin-orbit torques capable of switching magnetization without external magnetic fields, advancing spintronic device design.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method of creating controlled phase gradients in tungsten films via laser annealing to induce spin-orbit torques for magnetization switching.

Findings

Gradients in tungsten phase enable magnetization switching without magnetic fields.

Laser annealing transforms tungsten from β to α phase, affecting spin-orbit coupling.

Controlled microstructure allows precise manipulation of spin-orbit torque efficiency.

Abstract

A key aim in spintronics is to achieve current-induced magnetization switching via spin-orbit torques without external magnetic fields. For this, the focus of recent work has been on introducing controlled lateral gradients across ferromagnet/heavy-metal devices, giving variations in thickness, composition, or interface quality. However, the small gradients achievable with common growth techniques limit both the impact of this approach and understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. Here, spin-orbit torques are patterned on a mesoscopic length scale in tungsten thin films using direct-write laser annealing. Through transmission electron microscopy, resistivity, and second harmonic measurements, the continuous transformation of the crystalline phase of W films from the highly spin-orbit coupled, high resistivity $\beta$ phase to the minimally spin-orbit coupled, low resistivity $\alpha$ phase is tracked with increasing laser fluence. Gradients with different steepness are patterned in the tungsten phase to create spin-orbit torque channels and, when interfaced with CoFeB, tungsten wires with a sufficiently strong gradient can switch the magnetization without an applied magnetic field. Therefore, exploiting the unique microstructure of mixed-phase W allows precise control of the local electronic current density and direction, as well as local spin-orbit torque efficiency, providing a new avenue for the design of efficient spintronic devices.