Calling for Backup: How Children Navigate Successive Robot Communication Failures

TL;DR

This study investigates how children aged 8-10 respond to repeated robot communication failures, revealing both adaptive behaviors and increased disengagement compared to adults, informing developmentally appropriate HRI design.

Contribution

It is the first to examine children's reactions to successive robot errors, highlighting differences from adult responses and implications for designing child-friendly robots.

Findings

Children adjust prompts and verbal tone similarly to adults.

Children show more disengagement behaviors, like ignoring or seeking adult help.

Errors do not significantly alter children's perception of the robot.

Abstract

How do children respond to repeated robot errors? While prior research has examined adult reactions to successive robot errors, children's responses remain largely unexplored. In this study, we explore children's reactions to robot social errors and performance errors. For the latter, this study reproduces the successive robot failure paradigm of Liu et al. with child participants (N=59, ages 8-10) to examine how young users respond to repeated robot conversational errors. Participants interacted with a robot that failed to understand their prompts three times in succession, with their behavioral responses video-recorded and analyzed. We found both similarities and differences compared to adult responses from the original study. Like adults, children adjusted their prompts, modified their verbal tone, and exhibited increasingly emotional non-verbal responses throughout successive errors. However, children demonstrated more disengagement behaviors, including temporarily ignoring the robot or actively seeking an adult. Errors did not affect participants' perception of the robot, suggesting more flexible conversational expectations in children. These findings inform the design of more effective and developmentally appropriate human-robot interaction systems for young users.