Black hole images as probes of thermodynamic evolution

TL;DR

Black hole images encode detailed thermodynamic information, including phase transitions and ensemble-specific evolution, offering a new observational approach to study black hole thermodynamics.

Contribution

This work demonstrates that black hole images reveal thermodynamic phase transitions and ensemble differences, introducing a new paradigm for probing black hole thermodynamics through imaging.

Findings

Image size increases abruptly at phase transitions.

Image size varies monotonically along isobars but nonmonotonically along isotherms.

Distinct image evolution behaviors identify different thermodynamic ensembles.

Abstract

We investigate how black hole images (shadows and accretion-disk images) encode thermodynamic evolution information across different ensembles, using the Reissner-Nordstr\"om-AdS black hole as an illustrative example. Through analytic treatment and numerical verification, we demonstrate that these images encode not only phase transition information but also ensemble information, including additional temperature information in the isothermal ensemble. Phase transition information appears as a sudden increase in image size, which we prove occurs in both isobaric and isothermal ensembles. The ensemble and temperature information originates from a fundamental difference between isobaric and isothermal evolution: image size varies monotonically with the horizon radius along isobars, whereas it exhibits nonmonotonic behavior along isotherms. This contrast serves as a diagnostic tool to distinguish isobaric from isothermal evolution. In the isothermal ensemble, the nonmonotonic behavior introduces an extremal radius whose relative ordering with the small- and large-black hole radii at the phase transition admits three logical possibilities. Our analysis reveals that only two of these possibilities are physically realized, separated by a critical reduced temperature. Furthermore, image evolution in the two resulting temperature intervals exhibits qualitatively differences, demonstrating that black hole images indeed encode temperature information. These results not only enrich the set of observational avenues for probing black hole thermodynamic properties, but also introduce a new paradigm. This paradigm studies phase transitions in conjunction with nonmonotonic evolution, providing a useful framework for exploring thermodynamic imprints in other black hole systems.