Coloring Hardness on Low Twin-Width Graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computational complexity of coloring problems on low twin-width graph classes, establishing NP-hardness results for Min Coloring on twin-width 3 graphs and k-Coloring on twin-width 4 graphs, highlighting the nuanced boundary between tractability and hardness.

Contribution

It proves NP-hardness of Min Coloring on twin-width 3 graphs and k-Coloring on twin-width 4 graphs, advancing understanding of coloring complexity in low twin-width classes.

Findings

NP-hardness of Min Coloring on $ ww$-3 graphs.

NP-hardness of k-Coloring on $ ww$-4 graphs for $k \\geq 3$.

Few problems are known to be in P on $ ww$ classes, and $ ww$-3 excludes some planar graphs as induced minors.

Abstract

As the class $\mathcal T_4$ of graphs of twin-width at most 4 contains every finite subgraph of the infinite grid and every graph obtained by subdividing each edge of an $n$-vertex graph at least $2 \log n$ times, most NP-hard graph problems, like Max Independent Set, Dominating Set, Hamiltonian Cycle, remain so on $\mathcal T_4$. However, Min Coloring and k-Coloring are easy on both families because they are 2-colorable and 3-colorable, respectively. We show that Min Coloring is NP-hard on the class $\mathcal T_3$ of graphs of twin-width at most 3. This is the first hardness result on $\mathcal T_3$ for a problem that is easy on cographs (twin-width 0), on trees (whose twin-width is at most 2), and on unit circular-arc graphs (whose twin-width is at most 3). We also show that for every $k \geqslant 3$, k-Coloring is NP-hard on $\mathcal T_4$. We finally make two observations: (1) there are currently very few problems known to be in P on $\mathcal T_d$ (graphs of twin-width at most $d$) and NP-hard on $\mathcal T_{d+1}$ for some nonnegative integer $d$, and (2) unlike $\mathcal T_4$, which contains every graph as an induced minor, the class $\mathcal T_3$ excludes a fixed planar graph as an induced minor; thus it may be viewed as a special case (or potential counterexample) for conjectures about classes excluding a (planar) induced minor. These observations are accompanied by several open questions.